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From Design to Service & Maintenance: Steps to Preventing Pipeline & Pressure Vessel Failure

Skip to main content Enable accessibility for visually impaired Open the accessibility menu Open the Accessible Navigation Menu Open the Accessibility Menu Title Capitalization & Title Case Converter Tool - Capitalize My TitleCapitalize My Title API FOR WORDPRESS WRITE EDIT PUBLISH CONTACT Making title capitalization easy. Automatically capitalize and case convert to Title Case (in AP, APA, Chicago, MLA, BB, AMA), sentence case, UPPERCASE, lowercase, and more. APA Chicago AP MLA BB AMA NYT Wiki Email Preventing pipeline & pressure vessel failure 6 words, 45 characters Straight quotes Quick Copy (NEW) Headline score: 39 Check My Grammar* How to Use Capitalize My Title Select your title capitalization style above by clicking on a tab. If you have questions, read our title capitalization rules below. Enter your title in the text box. Watch your title convert case and be automatically capitalized! If you want to, you can press “Enter” on your keyboard or click the Copy button next to the text box to copy the text to your clipboard. Capitalize your next title 😃 Bonus: We have some great shortcuts to make your life easier. Quick Links: How to Use Capitalize My Title, What to Capitalize in a Title (What Is Title Case, What Is Sentence Case), Title Capitalization Rules by Style (APA, Chicago, AP, MLA, BB, AMA, NY Times, Wikipedia) Case Converter Options You have multiple options to capitalize and change the case of your titles, headlines, song titles, book titles, email subjects, and more. Below is a description of the ways you can use our case converter. Top Tabs The top tabs allow you to select which style of capitalization you want to use. You can learn more in the Title Capitalization Rules by Style section. APA: Capitalize using the APA style guide. Chicago: Capitalize using the Chicago Manual of Style capitalization rules. AP: Use the Associated Press Stylebook capitalization guidelines. MLA: Use the MLA Handbook title capitalization rules. BB: Use the Bluebook title capitalization rules. AMA: Use the AMA Manual of Style capitalization rules. NY Times: Use the NY Times style guidelines. Wikipedia: Use Wikipedia’s capitalization rules. Email: Use proper capitalization rules for email. Bottom Buttons The buttons at the bottom let you choose specific case conversion options for the various styles. Title Case: Capitalize only the words that should be capitalized according to the top tab style guide. Sentence Case: Capitalize only the first word of each sentence. Uppercase: Convert your title from lowercase to uppercase. Lowercase: Convert your title from uppercase to lowercase. First Letter: Capitalize the first letter of every word. Alt Case: Capitalize every other letter of your text starting with the first letter being capitalized. Toggle Case: Change the case of every letter in your string. Similar to the Microsoft Word feature. Other Options Straight quotes: Curly quotes (“,”,‘,’) are used in good typography. If you need to use straight quotes, enable this feature. Get Headline Score/Get Email Subject Score: Find out how strong your headline or email subject is by using our convenient tools. Common Case Converter Uses Title case converter Quickly convert your title or text to title case by simply clicking the “Title Case” button in the tool above. Sentence case converter Quickly convert your title or text to sentence case by simply clicking the “Sentence case” button in the tool above. Uppercase to lowercase converter If you left caps lock on accidentally, you can quickly convert your title from uppercase to lowercase by selecting the “lower” button above. This will uncapitalize your text. You can also use this tool to do it automatically. Lowercase to uppercase converter Alternatively, you can use our tool to convert text from lowercase to uppercase by clicking the “UPPER” button. You can also use this tool to do it automatically. Uppercase to title case converter If you want to change your title from uppercase to title case, you can select the “Title Case” button above. All caps converter You can quickly convert your text or title to all caps by selecting the “UPPER” button on the tool. This will convert your text to uppercase. What to Capitalize in a Title Understanding what to capitalize in a title is important to make sure that your titles and headlines look correct. If you’re confused about what words to capitalize in a title or headline, we recommend using our title capitalization tool above, but if you want specific capitalization rules, they are as follows. First, it is important to note that there are four main title capitalization styles: Chicago style, APA style, MLA style, and AP style. Each of these capitalization styles has slightly different rules for which words are capitalized and each of these styles can be written using title case capitalization or sentence case capitalization. What Is Title Case Capitalization? Title case is the most common form of title and headline capitalization and is found in all four major title capitalization styles. Title case is also commonly used for book titles, movies titles, song names, plays, and other works. In general, the following capitalization rules apply across the four styles in title case: Capitalize the first word in the title Capitalize the last word in the title Capitalize the important words in the title Important words in that last bullet generally refer to: Adjectives (tiny, large, etc.) Adverbs (quietly, smoothly, etc.) Nouns (tablet, kitchen, book) Pronouns (they, she, he) Subordinating conjunctions (when fewer than 5 letters) Verbs (write, type, create) Title case is the most common title capitalization for book titles, headlines, articles titles, etc. When multiple letters in a title need to be capitalized, use title case capitalization. Words Not Capitalized in Title Case While the above words are generally capitalized in titles regardless of style, there are some words that are generally not capitalized when using title case. Again, these will depend on the specific style you choose (see Title Capitalization Rules by Style section). These include short words and conjunctions: Articles (a, an, the) Coordinating Conjunctions (and, but, for) Short (fewer than 4 letters) Prepositions (at, by, to, etc.) What Is Sentence Case? The other major type of title capitalization standard is sentence case. Sentence case simply means you capitalize the first letter of a sentence, proper nouns, and nothing else as opposed to capitalizing almost every first letter in title case. It is the same across all of the four styles. For more specific title capitalization rules, you can see the following sections which cover each style of title capitalization rules or check out our FAQs for common capitalization questions. Our tool lets you convert the case of your text easily into sentence case. Title Capitalization Rules by Style Chicago Manual of Style 17th Edition Capitalization Rules Chicago Style is one of the most used and respected headline capitalization methods used in journalism. The rules are fairly standard for title case: Capitalize the first and the last word. Capitalize nouns, pronouns, adjectives, verbs (including phrasal verbs such as “play with”), adverbs, and subordinate conjunctions. Lowercase articles (a, an, the), coordinating conjunctions, and prepositions (regardless of length). Lowercase the second word after a hyphenated prefix (e.g., Mid-, Anti-, Super-, etc.) in compound modifiers (e.g., Mid-year, Anti-hero, etc.). Lowercase the ‘to’ in an infinitive (e.g., I Want to Play Guitar). Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (APA) 7th Edition Capitalization Rules Making sure you have the right capitalization for APA headings is crucial for scholarly articles. The following rules apply to APA headline capitalization and title capitalization: Capitalize the first word of the title/heading and of any subtitle/subheading Capitalize all major words (nouns, verbs including phrasal verbs such as “play with”, adjectives, adverbs, and pronouns) in the title/heading, including the second part of hyphenated major words (e.g., Self-Report not Self-report) Capitalize all words of four letters or more. Modern Language Association (MLA) Handbook, 9th Edition Capitalization Rules Making sure you have the right capitalization for MLA headings is crucial for scholarly articles. The following rules apply to MLA headings: Capitalize the first word of the title/heading and of any subtitle/subheading. Capitalize all major words (nouns, verbs including phrasal verbs such as “play with”, adjectives, adverbs, and pronouns) in the title/heading, including the second part of hyphenated major words (e.g., Self-Report not Self-report). Do not capitalize articles, prepositions (regardless of length), and coordinating conjunctions. Lowercase the second word after a hyphenated prefix (e.g., Mid-, Anti-, Super-, etc.) in compound modifiers (e.g., Mid-year, Anti-hero, etc.). Do not capitalize ‘to’ in infinitives (e.g., I Want to Play Guitar). The Associated Press (AP) 2020 Edition Stylebook Capitalization Rules AP style capitalization is mainly used by writers for the Associated Press but is also used widely throughout journalism. The capitalization rules are as follows: Capitalize the first and the last word. Capitalize nouns, pronouns, adjectives, verbs (including phrasal verbs such as “play with”), adverbs, and subordinate conjunctions. Lowercase articles (a, an, the), coordinating conjunctions, and prepositions. Lowercase the second word in a compound modifier (e.g., Mid-year or On-site). Capitalize words with four or more letters (including conjunctions and prepositions). Capitalize both parts of a hyphenated word (new as of 4/25/23). Capitalize the ‘to’ in an infinitive (e.g., I Want To Play Guitar). Bluebook 21st Edition Capitalization Rules Bluebook style capitalization is mainly used by lawyers. The capitalization rules are as follows: Capitalize the first and the last word. Capitalize nouns, pronouns, adjectives, verbs (including phrasal verbs such as “play with”), adverbs, and subordinate conjunctions. Lowercase articles (a, an, the), coordinating conjunctions, and prepositions of four letters or fewer. Lowercase “to” in the infinitive (though not defined in the stylebook). American Medical Association (AMA) Manual of Style 11th Edition Capitalization Rules AMA style capitalization is mainly used in the scientific community. The capitalization rules are as follows: Capitalize the first and the last word of titles and subtitles. Capitalize nouns, pronouns, adjectives, verbs (including phrasal verbs such as “play with”), adverbs, and subordinate conjunctions (major words). Lowercase articles (a, an, the), coordinating conjunctions, and prepositions of four letters or fewer. Lowercase “to” in the infinitive. Lowercase the second word in a hyphenated compound when it is a prefix or suffix (e.g., “Anti-itch”,”world-wide”) or part of a single word. Capitalize the second word in a hyphenated compound if both words are equal and not suffices or prefixes (e.g., “Cost-Benefit”) Capitalize the first non-Greek letter after a lowercase Greek letter (e.g., “ω-Bromohexanoic”) Lowercase the first non-Greek letter after a capital Greek letter (e.g., “Δ-9-tetrahydrocannabinol”) Capitalize the genus but not the species epithet NY Times Style Capitalization Rules NY Times style capitalization is mainly used by writers for the NY Times but is also used widely throughout journalism. The capitalization rules are as follows: Capitalize major words, e.g. nouns, pronouns, verbs. Capitalize the first and the last word. Capitalize nouns, pronouns, adjectives, verbs (including phrasal verbs such as “play with”), adverbs, and subordinate conjunctions. Lowercase articles (a, an, the), coordinating conjunctions, and prepositions. Wikipedia Style Capitalization Rules Wikipedia editors must follow certain capitalization rules for any posts to Wikipedia. The capitalization rules are as follows: Capitalize major words, e.g. nouns, pronouns, verbs. Capitalize the first and the last word. Capitalize nouns, pronouns, adjectives, verbs, adverbs, and subordinate conjunctions. Lowercase indefinite and definite articles (a, an, the), coordinating conjunctions, and prepositions. Prepositions that contain five letters or more. The word “to” in infinitives. 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The failure of pressure vessels and pipelines goes way beyond that of financial. Unexpected (and often catastrophic) failure can mean assets spend weeks and months offline, cost upwards of hundreds of thousands to repair, represent millions in lost revenue and – most importantly – have potentially irreversible effects, such as injury and death to humans, wildlife and the planet. 

But how can such failures be prevented? The answer certainly isn’t a simple one, but we can begin addressing it by dividing the challenge into three separate categories: 

  1. Preventing failure through design and construction 
  2. Preventing failure through engineering critical assessment and proactive NDT 
  3. Preventing failure through fatigue improvement techniques 

Preventing Failure Through Design and Construction

The greatest challenge surrounding design flaws is that, once an asset is in place, it remains so for many years. While all pipelines and vessels are produced within recognised codes or standards, many faults only come to light after months or years of use. Therefore, addressing them is always a case of catch-up, rather than being proactive. 

The traditional proof testing used during the design and construction pressurises vessels and pipelines with water above that of maximum service use. However, this doesn’t account for any existing cracks that will increase in size over time – it only determines the current status. 

Other ways that design and construction are improved are though: 

  • Post-weld heat treatment 
  • Adequate material toughness
  • High-stress design patterns 
  • Stress-relieve thick sections

Preventing Failure Through Engineering Critical Assessment and Proactive NDT 

This is absolutely the way forward, both for assets in use today and those that are being built for tomorrow. Failures during service are almost always caused by unforeseen cyclic stresses or environmental conditions that cause corrosion and fatigue. 

When this occurs unnoticed, the result can be unexpected failure and all the unwanted consequences. 

If NDT is only carried out sporadically, then the chances of cracks and flaws increasing to the point of failure are high. The answer is to test more regularly – something that’s becoming increasingly possible with advanced NDT methods that don’t require all the challenges of human entry to enclosed spaces, the erection of scaffolding, extended asset shutdown and all the associated costs. 

If ECA (engineering critical assessment) is used to define the location of flaws – either during the design or lifespan of a pipeline or plant, then this data can be carried out during the design, structure or testing phases. The former can be used to define structural welds and then, during the construction process, to check that the necessary robustness has been met. If used for testing an existing asset, it can help to assess the level of flaws found and whether they need further assessment. 

Preventing Failure Through Fatigue Improvement Techniques

Fatigue improvement techniques have dramatically improved over the past decade. The advancement of robots and semi-autonomous equipment that can carry out NDT in a fraction of the time and cost of traditional methods, not only returns more accurate data but means that testing schedules can be dramatically increased.  

This plays a huge role in preventing the failure of assets. Flaws are found earlier and can be easily monitored for growth. Maintenance and repair can be scheduled more accurately as a single shutdown can be timed to address multiple issues.  

This knowledge only becomes more valuable over time. Historical data provides a dynamic understanding of the health of an asset, allowing more accurate predictions as to when and where flaws might occur during the construction’s lifespan. 

Partner With Nexxis for the Ultimate in NDT Equipment 

The role of proactive maintenance is a vital element in reducing asset failure. At Nexxis, our unique model allows us to help maintenance managers address even the most complex of maintenance tasks. This flexibility includes working with our customers to determine how cutting-edge technology can provide the necessary, highly accurate, data and do so in the shortest amount of time possible. 

We regularly achieve dramatic reductions in both the quality and timing of essential NDT tasks. Examples include reducing weeks to mere hours and upscaling the level of imaging and testing way above that of traditional methods. 

Contact us to find out more about our range of robots or any of our other inspection products, or request a quote online.

Read more about non-destructive testing here: The 5 Financial Benefits of Purchasing NDT Equipment

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